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Is NAD+ the "Missing Link" in Modern Longevity Science? Darrell Miller 4/11/26
How calcium can Help Prevent Bone Loss Darrell Miller 11/8/13
D-Ribose Powder Benefits! Darrell Miller 4/10/07
NOW is the leader in quality and value Darrell Miller 10/21/05


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Is NAD+ the "Missing Link" in Modern Longevity Science?
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Date: April 11, 2026 12:24 PM
Author: Darrell Miller (support@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: Is NAD+ the "Missing Link" in Modern Longevity Science?


Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a naturally occurring molecule that serves as a direct precursor to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+). As we age, our natural levels of NAD+ decline significantly—by age 50, most people have roughly half the levels they had in their youth. This decline is linked to many of the physiological hallmarks of aging.

How NMN Boosts NAD+ Levels

NMN is essentially a "building block" for NAD+. The process by which the body converts NMN into NAD+ is relatively direct, making it an efficient supplement for raising levels.
  1. Absorption: When NMN is ingested, it is rapidly absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream. Recent research suggests that a specific transporter (Slc12a8) allows NMN to enter cells directly.
  2. Conversion: Once inside the cell, an enzyme called nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) converts NMN into NAD+.
  3. The salvage Pathway: The body also uses a "recycling" system called the salvage pathway. After NAD+ is used by enzymes, it breaks down into nicotinamide (NAM), which is then converted back into NMN and eventually NAD+ again. Adding supplemental NMN provides the system with more raw material to complete this cycle.

Why Boost NAD+? The Biological Benefits

NAD+ is a "coenzyme" found in every single living cell. It is required for over 500 different enzymatic reactions. Here are the primary reasons why maintaining high NAD+ levels is critical for health:

1. Cellular Energy Production (ATP)

NAD+ plays a starring role in the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell. It acts as an electron carrier in the process of turning nutrients from food into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of the body. Without enough NAD+, cellular energy production falters, leading to fatigue and decreased metabolic function.

2. DNA Repair and Stability

Our DNA is constantly under attack from UV radiation, pollutants, and metabolic byproducts. To fix this, the body uses enzymes called PARPs (Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerases). These enzymes are strictly "NAD+-dependent," meaning they cannot function without consuming NAD+. By boosting NAD+, you provide the fuel necessary for cells to repair genetic damage effectively.

3. Activation of Sirtuins (The "Longevity Genes")

Sirtuins are a family of proteins responsible for cellular health, aging, and DNA protection. They are often called "guardians of the genome."
  • Sirtuins can only function in the presence of NAD+.
  • They help regulate inflammation, protect cells from oxidative stress, and manage how the body responds to fasting and exercise.
  • Low NAD+ levels mean sirtuins remain "dormant," potentially accelerating the aging process.

4. Metabolic Health and Insulin Sensitivity

Research indicates that increasing NAD+ through NMN can improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This is particularly relevant for maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of age-related metabolic disorders.

5. Circadian Rhythm Regulation

NAD+ levels fluctuate throughout the day and help regulate the body’s internal clock (the circadian rhythm). Maintaining healthy levels helps ensure that your cells know when to be active and when to undergo repair, which can improve sleep quality and daytime alertness.

Note: While NMN is widely studied in animal models with promising results regarding lifespan and healthspan, human clinical trials are ongoing to fully confirm long-term efficacy and optimal dosage. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting new supplements.

Furthermore:

While the basics of NMN and NAD+ focus on energy and aging, there is a much deeper layer to this "master molecule" that involves cellular theft, "zombie" cells, and the critical importance of a process called methylation.

Here are the vital pieces of the NAD+ puzzle that aren't usually mentioned:

1. The "NAD+ Thieves": CD38 and Inflammation

Boosting NAD+ with NMN is only half the battle; the other half is stopping the "thieves" that steal it.
  • CD38: This is an enzyme that acts as a massive "sink" for NAD+. As we age, our bodies produce more CD38, especially in response to chronic low-grade inflammation. CD38 is incredibly "greedy" - it can destroy up to 100 molecules of NAD+ for every one it processes.
  • Senescent ("Zombie") Cells: These are old cells that refuse to die. They secrete a cocktail of inflammatory proteins (called SASP) that trigger CD38 across the body. This is why NAD+ levels drop so sharply - it’s not just that we produce less; it's that we are destroying it faster than ever.

2. The Methylation Connection (Why you need TMG)

This is perhaps the most important practical detail for anyone taking NMN.
  • When your body uses NMN to make NAD+, it eventually breaks the NAD+ down into a byproduct called Nicotinamide (NAM).
  • To get rid of excess NAM, your liver has to "tag" it with a methyl group so it can be excreted in urine.
  • If you take high doses of NMN without replenishing these methyl groups, you can deplete your "methyl pool." This can lead to fatigue, low mood, or high levels of homocysteine (a risk factor for heart disease).
  • The Solution: Many people take TMG (Trimethylglycine) alongside NMN to provide the body with extra methyl groups and keep the system balanced.

3. The "Double-Edged Sword" of Cancer

NAD+ is essential for all living cells, including cancer cells.
  • Prevention: High NAD+ levels help repair DNA, which prevents the mutations that cause cancer.
  • Fuel: However, recent research (including studies from early 2026) suggests that if a tumor already exists, boosting NAD+ might inadvertently provide the "fuel" the tumor needs to grow or resist chemotherapy.
  • Takeaway: While NAD+ is generally considered safe for healthy individuals, medical experts advise caution and specialist supervision for those with an active cancer diagnosis.

4. Regulatory Status (The 2026 Update)

The legal status of NMN has been a rollercoaster. In late 2022, the FDA initially ruled that NMN could not be marketed as a supplement because it was being investigated as a drug. However, as of late 2025, the FDA issued updated guidance essentially reinstating NMN’s status as a legal dietary ingredient, clearing the way for its continued sale in the U.S.

5. Natural Boosters and "Sirtuin Activators"

Supplementing NMN is just one way to boost the system. You can also:
  • Inhibit CD38: Flavonoids like Apigenin (found in parsley/chamomile) and Quercetin act as natural CD38 inhibitors, effectively "plugging the leak" in your NAD+ tank.
  • The NAD+/NADH Ratio: It isn't just about the total amount of NAD+; it's about the ratio of NAD+ (oxidized) to NADH (reduced). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and fasting are the most effective ways to naturally "flip" NADH back into the beneficial NAD+ form.
Ultimately, the science of NMN and NAD+ represents a shift from merely treating symptoms of aging to supporting the body’s fundamental cellular machinery. By replenishing the "master molecule" and addressing the "thieves" that drain it, we can effectively fuel DNA repair, boost mitochondrial energy, and activate the longevity-linked sirtuins. However, as we have seen with the necessity of TMG for methylation and the evolving research of 2026, boosting NAD+ is not a "set it and forget it" solution - it is a balancing act. Approaching NMN as one part of a holistic strategy - alongside proper nutrition, exercise, and targeted co-factors—is the most effective way to ensure your cells remain resilient and energized for the long haul.

Are you planning to focus your blog post on the anti-aging benefits for a general audience, or would you like to lean more into the technical "biohacking" side of science?

(https://vitanetonline.com:443/forums/Index.cfm?CFApp=1&Message_ID=6636)

How calcium can Help Prevent Bone Loss
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Date: November 08, 2013 09:59 AM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: How calcium can Help Prevent Bone Loss

calciumWhat is bone loss?

Bones are always in a flux. Since it's living tissue, old bone is absorbed, and new bone is built up. This process is referred to as remodeling. Bone loss occurs when there is absorption of more bone than is being built up.

What causes it?

Bone loss is a natural process that comes with age. There are factors that are beyond human control like genetics, sex, and ethnicity, that contribute to loss of bone. However, some lifestyle factors that can be controlled for instance, being physically inactive, low hormone levels, that is, estrogen in females, and testosterone in males, habits like smoking and drinking alcohol do contribute to faster loss of bone.

When you are intoxicated, you risk falling and breaking a bone. Alcohol cases loss of magnesium via urine. Smokers generally have weaker bones. Female smokers are even at a higher risk of bone fractures after menopause. They also begin their menopause early due to reduced estrogen levels. Both male and female smokers are thinner, thus tend to have less bone mass and take longer to heal in case of fractures.

How to salvage the situation

The best way to prevent bone loss is by ensuring that you develop very strong bones during the first 30 years of your life and then minimize their loss in adulthood. This is how to go about it:

Ensure that you intake vitamin D in your diet, expose yourself to early morning or evening sunlight, and take supplements if need be. Vitamin D is very helpful when calcium levels are low in the body. It is converted to its active form reducing loss of calcium via urine in the kidney, and increasing its absorption in the small intestine.

Intake a lot of calcium too, as there are two sources of calcium in your body: via your diet and from your bones. It is the latter that is dangerous. Your body will absorb calcium from the bones if there isn't enough in the body. This calcium is really difficult to replace.

Intake a diet with magnesium too. It helps in absorption of calcium. If there is excess calcium in the body, one could suffer from arthritis as it will collect in the soft tissues.

References:
  1. //www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium-full-story/#bone-loss
  2. //www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/osteoporosis_ff.asp
  3. //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000506.htm

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D-Ribose Powder Benefits!
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Date: April 10, 2007 11:57 AM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: D-Ribose Powder Benefits!

Benefits

Supports normal heart function*

A significant amount of in vitro, animal and human research suggests benefits of ribose on heart function.* Studies have shown that ribose supplementation can enhance cardiac energy levels and support cardiovascular metabolism.* Ribose has been shown in clinical trials to enhance the recovery of heart muscle ATP levels and improve myocardial function following exercise.

Studies suggest that ribose supplementation can increase the tolerability of the cardiovascular system to exercise-induced fatigue.1 In one study, twenty men underwent treadmill exercise tests on two consecutive days to confirm the onset of fatigue secondary to exercise. The participants were then randomized to the treatment group or a placebo group. The groups received either four doses of 15 grams of D-ribose (60 grams/day total) or the same amount of placebo each day. After three days of treatment, another treadmill test was performed. The time it took to reach the specified level of fatigue was significantly greater in the ribose group than in the placebo group.

Another study investigated the ability of ribose to support healthy heart function and quality of life.2 In a randomized, crossover design study, fifteen individuals were given 5 grams three times a day of either D-ribose or placebo. Each treatment period lasted three weeks. In patients receiving ribose, echocardiography demonstrated enhancement of heart function, reflecting a “more efficient relaxation phase of the heart”. Participants also had a significant improvement in their subjective quality of life scores compared to placebo.  

Scientists suggest that suboptimal heart function is a result of the heart requiring more energy to function properly. Ribose supports the heart’s enhanced energy requirements, promoting optimal heart function. It does so by enhancing the stores of high-energy phosphates in heart tissue. These intermediates are necessary for the production and resynthesis of ATP. A double-blind crossover study in which 12 individuals were randomized to receive either ribose or dextrose (both administered as 5 grams three times daily for three weeks, followed by a 1-week washout period and crossover of treatments for three additional weeks) suggested significant enhancements in normal cardiac function during the period of ribose supplementation.3

Perhaps one of the more useful illustrations of the potential for ribose to support heart function comes from a study in which 20 rats received a continuous infusion of ribose for 24 hours (control rats received an infusion of saline). The hearts were then explanted (as they would be for heart transplants) and placed in preservation solution that was enriched with ribose for 4 hours. ATP levels were measured from tissue biopsies and revealed that 10 of the ribose-treated hearts had ATP levels higher than 12.3 micromoles per gram whereas saline-treated hearts (controls) had lower ATP levels, with 20% showing levels below 10 micromoles per gram of tissue. This provides support for the hypothesis that ribose may enhance the preservation of ATP levels in cardiac tissue, promoting normal heart function.4

Further animal studies have shown that ribose significantly enhances heart function after experimentally induced cardiac depression. Rats were injected with isoproterenol (a drug that stimulates sympathetic nervous system function) and had their abdominal aorta constricted to induce depression of heart function and reduce cardiac ATP levels. The decrease in ATP was primarily responsible for the depression of heart function. Continuous infusion of ribose for 24 hours replenished ATP concentrations to normal levels and normalized heart function in these animals.5

Ribose may strengthen and support the body’s crucial antioxidant defenses*

Ribose may support the body’s innate antioxidant mechanisms while promoting an antioxidant effect of its own. Intense exercise and other strenuous activity can induce the production of free radicals. Preliminary studies suggest that ribose can attenuate some of the effects of oxidation seen after performance of intensive exercise.

One small human study indicated that ribose administered at a dose of seven grams before and after a bout of cycling exercise may reduce free radical production.6 Seven volunteers ingested either ribose or placebo both before and after intense exercise. Markers of lipid peroxidation, including malondialdehyde, significantly decreased in the ribose-supplemented group, while increasing in the control group. The results of this study indicate a possible effect of ribose in supporting antioxidant activity.

Supports healthy energy levels in heart and muscle tissue*

After bouts of intense exercise, ATP levels have been shown to decrease by an average of 15 to 20%.7 The amount of ATP stored in the muscle is limited and so the body must have the potential to rebuild ATP stores. ATP is the fuel necessary for the integrity and function of a cell. In addition, several studies have found correlations between ATP content and heart function.1 Research that was also alluded to above suggests that ribose stimulates ATP synthesis and supports heart and muscle function by enhancing ATP levels in cardiac and muscle tissue. D-ribose is an essential building block for the synthesis of ATP through the pentose phosphate pathway. 

The results of ribose supplementation enhancing ATP levels in muscle are evidenced by studies suggesting beneficial effects on anaerobic performance. In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study assessing the effects of acute ribose supplementation, participants receiving the ribose supplement had increases in mean power (a measure of average overall muscular strength output during the sprint) and peak power (a measure of the highest muscular strength output during the sprint) when undergoing a series of cycle sprints.8 While this effect was not noted in all of the six short cycling sprints that the participants underwent, the study does illustrate the potential benefits of ribose on ATP production and, secondarily, on enhancing exercise performance.

A second placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of four weeks of ribose-supplementation (10 grams /day) on male bodybuilders. Of the 20 participants who were recruited, twelve completed the study. Each subject participated in a heavy-resistance training program designed to increase skeletal muscle mass. The effects of ribose on body composition (body weight, body fat, lean body mass, fat mass, and bone mineral content) were also assessed. The results suggested that ribose increased total work capacity and bench press strength compared to placebo, without altering body composition.9

Supports energy recovery after exercise*

Animal studies have suggested that the administration of ribose after exercise increases the rate of adenine salvage by five to seven-fold in muscle tissue7, supporting energy recovery after exercise. When ATP is utilized by muscle tissue, the degradation products include adenine nucleotides (Adenine is one of two purine bases that is a component of DNA). Adenine is recycled to synthesize DNA, and the salvage of adenine within the muscle tissue is crucial to energy recovery. Studies have shown that the presence of adequate ribose concentrations is the rate-limiting step in the purine salvage pathway. Therefore, increased adenine salvage could potentially help in the recovery and regeneration of ATP after intense bouts of activity.

A study investigated the effect of oral intake of ribose on the synthesis of AMP, a precursor to ATP.10 Participants performed intense cycle training for seven days. They then received either ribose (at a concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight, which is equivalent to 14 grams per day for an average 70 kilogram male) or placebo three times a day for the following three days. Exercise tests were performed again on day 4. Muscle biopsy samples were taken before the first training session, immediately after, and again five hours, 24 hours, and 72 hours after the last training session. No differences were seen in exercise performance between the groups. The intense exercise caused the ATP levels in muscle to decrease in both groups. However, at 72 hours post-exercise, the ribose group exhibited a much higher ATP level than the placebo group. The muscle levels of critical building blocks for ATP, including total adenine nucleotides (TAN) and inosine 5’-monophosphate (IMP), were also significantly higher in the ribose group compared to the placebo group at 24 hours after exercise. Ribose-supplementation was shown to enhance the resynthesis of ATP after intense exercise.

*This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Safety

Caution: Insulin-dependent diabetics and pregnant women should consult their physician before use.

Suggested Adult Use: Take 1 or 2 scoops mixed in water, juice or other beverage two times per day. May be taken with or without food.

Scientific References

1) Pliml, W., von Arnim, T., Stablein, A., Hofmann, H., Zimmer, H., Erdmann, E. Effects of ribose on exercise-induced ischaemia in stable coronary artery disease. The Lancet. 1992;340:507-510.

2) Omran, H., Illien, S., MacCarter, D., St. Cyr, J.A., Luderitz, B. D-Ribose improves diastolic function and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients: a prospective feasibility study. The European Journal of Heart Failure. 2003;5:615-619.

3) Illien, S., Omran, H., MacCarter, D., St. Cyr, J.A. Ribose improves myocardial function in congestive heart failure. FASEB Journal 2001;15(5): A1142

 

4) Muller C., Zimmer H., Gross M., Gresser U., Brotsack I., Wehling M., Pliml W. Effect of ribose on cardiac adenine nucleotides in a donor model for heart transplantation. Eur J Med Res. 1998 Dec 16;3(12):554-8.

5) Zimmer H.G. Normalization of depressed heart function in rats by ribose. Science. 1983 Apr 1;220(4592):81-2.

6) Seifert, J.G., Subudhi, A., Fu, M., Riska, J.J. The effects of ribose ingestion on indices of free radical production during hypoxic exercise. Free Rad Biol Med 2002; 33(Suppl 1) S269.

7) Zarzeczny, R., Brault, J.J., Abraham, K.A., Hancock, C.R., Terjung, R. Influence of ribose on adenine salvage after intense muscle contractions. J Applied Physiology. 2001;91:1775-1781. 

8) Berardi J.M., Ziegenfuss T.N. Effects of ribose supplementation on repeated sprint performance in men. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Feb;17(1):47-52.

9) Van Gammeren, D.V., Falk, D., Antonio, J. The effects of four weeks of ribose supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in healthy, young, male recreational bodybuilders: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Current Ther Research. 2002;63(8):486-495.

10) Hellsten, Y., Skadhauge, L., Bangsbo, J. Effect of ribose supplementation on resynthesis of adenine nucleotides after intense intermittent training in humans. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2004;286:R182-R188.



--
Buy Ribose at Vitanet at a Discount

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NOW is the leader in quality and value
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Date: October 21, 2005 08:12 AM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: NOW is the leader in quality and value

NOW is the leader in quality and value

  • • NOW will often have the lowest price, and our quality and value is second to none.
  • • NOW offers specials every month granting retailers the opportunity to showcase extremely competitive products in many of the most popular categories.
  • • Compare our price on trademarked ingredients such as ester-c, 7-keto, Carnipure, Phase-2 and Relora to see how much money NOW can save you.

    “We only deal with companies that support the natural products industry and have a strong public service mission”

    We couldn’t agree more. NOW has, and will continue to fight for the rights of consumers to take safe supplements. As one of the most active and influential advocates in the natural products industry, we proudly support the following industry organizations.

    NFA, Citizens for health, AHPA, OTA, The Herb Research Foundation, The American Botanical Council, Consumers for Health Choice (UK), The GMO Task Force, The GMP Task Force, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, The Campaign to label Genetically Engineered Foods, AOAC (method validation), AOCS (American Oil Chemist Society), The Dietary Supplement Education Alliance (DSEA), and More…

    “Does NOW support any Charitable or public services?”

    NOW is a leading recycling company and was awarded a silver medal for nutrition business journal in 2005 for our dedication to environmental and sustainability issues. We use environmental-friendly packaging and procedures to ensure that our impact on the environment is minimal. Here are just a few of the charities and originations NOW generously supports:

    Local Heal Clinics and food banks, salvation Army, Marklund children’s home, African meal-a-day fund, compassion international, vitamin angel, world relief, Indian orphanage, Hephzibah children’s home, nature conservancy, Americas second harvest, world wild life, and many more

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    • VitaNet ® LLC. Discount Vitamin Store.