Search Term: " Replenishmen "

	The Silent Deficiency: Why 60% of Americans Are Running on Empty (and How to Fix It)	Darrell Miller	4/15/26
	The Importance of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle in the Body	Darrell Miller	9/24/22
	What you may need to know about Vitamin B2	Darrell Miller	1/5/14
	The Health Benefits Of Barley Grass.	Darrell Miller	11/28/13
	Assists Digestion of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats	Darrell Miller	9/3/05
	Home Spa Secrets	Darrell Miller	6/12/05
	VITAMIN A and CAROTENOIDS - What are they good for?	Darrell Miller	6/9/05

Date: April 15, 2026 02:04 PM
Author: Darrell Miller (support@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: The Silent Deficiency: Why 60% of Americans Are Running on Empty (and How to Fix It) 

Magnesium is often called the "master mineral," and for good reason. It acts like a biological coolant, keeping your cellular machinery from overheating when life gets hectic. Here is a breakdown of why this mineral is so critical and why most of us are running on empty.

Cellular Stability: The Body's "Brake" System

When you are under stress, your cells can become flooded with calcium, which "excites" the cell. Magnesium sits at the "gate," ensuring that only the necessary amount of calcium enters. Without enough magnesium, cells become hyper-excitable, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and even cell death. Furthermore, magnesium is a required co-factor for the production and stability of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell. In fact, ATP is usually found in the body as a complex called Mg^2+-ATP.

Why Our Modern World is Magnesium-Poor

1. Depleted Soil

2. Food Processing

The "Invisible" Deficiency

However, many functional medicine experts argue this number is actually higher because the RDA is designed to prevent acute deficiency, not to optimize health. Furthermore, magnesium is stored in bones and soft tissue, not the blood, meaning standard "Serum Magnesium" blood tests often miss a deficiency until it is dangerously low.

The Gold Standard: Magnesium Glycinate

Unlike Magnesium Oxide (which has poor absorption) or Magnesium Citrate (which can have a laxative effect), Magnesium Glycinate is chelated with the amino acid glycine. This makes it:

• Highly Bioavailable: Your body absorbs it easily through the intestinal wall.
• Gentle on the Gut: It rarely causes the "bathroom emergencies" associated with other forms.
• Calming: Glycine itself is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and better sleep.

Benefits of Restoring Magnesium Levels

• Improved Sleep Quality: Magnesium regulates melatonin and binds to GABA receptors to quiet the nervous system.
• Muscle Relaxation: Significant reduction in muscle cramps, "charley horses," and restless leg syndrome.
• Stress & Anxiety Reduction: It lowers cortisol and prevents the "fight or flight" system from being stuck in the "on" position.
• Heart Health: Helps maintain a steady heart rhythm and healthy blood pressure levels.
• Blood Sugar Regulation: Improves insulin sensitivity, helping the body manage glucose more effectively.
• Migraine Relief: Many sufferers find that consistent magnesium intake reduces the frequency and severity of headaches.

Further benefits:

Here are the additional benefits you might notice once your magnesium "tank" is full:

Structural & Bone Strength

• Bone Density: About 60% of your body's magnesium is stored in your bones. It stimulates the hormone calcitonin, which draws calcium out of the blood and soft tissues and puts it back into the bones.
• Vitamin D Activation: Magnesium is the required "key" to turn Vitamin D into its active form (25(OH)D). Without it, your Vitamin D supplements may just sit idle in your system.

Hormonal Harmony & PMS Relief

• Reduced Cramps: Just as it relaxes leg muscles, it relaxes the smooth muscle of the uterus, significantly reducing the intensity of period cramps.
• Mood & Bloating: It helps regulate dopamine and serotonin, which can curb "pre-period" irritability. It also acts as a mild natural diuretic to help with cyclic water retention and breast tenderness.

Physical Performance & Recovery

• Lactate Clearance: Magnesium helps move blood sugar into your muscles and dispose of lactate (lactic acid), which can build up during exercise and cause fatigue.
• Reduced DOMS: You may notice less "Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness" after a heavy lifting session or a long run.
• Protein Synthesis: It is essential for the ribosomes that create new proteins, meaning it's vital for repairing and building muscle tissue.

Cognitive Sharpness & Neuroprotection

• Synaptic Plasticity: Magnesium is crucial for the brain's ability to form new connections (plasticity), which is the foundation of learning and memory.
• Neuroprotection: It helps block "excitotoxins" - compounds that can overstimulate and damage brain cells. Many people report the lifting of "brain fog" once their levels are stabilized.

Respiratory Ease

• Open Airways: It helps the smooth muscles in the lungs relax, which can improve airflow. While not a replacement for medical treatment, many people with asthma or chronic coughs find that maintaining optimal magnesium levels leads to fewer "tight-chested" episodes.

DNA Integrity & Anti-Aging

• DNA Synthesis: It is required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
• Antioxidant Power: It is a necessary co-factor for the production of glutathione, often called the "master antioxidant," which protects your cells from the oxidative damage that leads to aging.

Magnesium acts as the body's essential "biological coolant," stabilizing cellular integrity by regulating calcium influx and powering nearly every metabolic process as a co-factor for Mg^2+-ATP. Despite its critical role, more than half of the American population remains chronically deficient, a silent crisis fueled by mineral-depleted industrial soil and the stripping of nutrients during food processing. Transitioning to a high-quality supplement like Magnesium Glycinate offers a superior path to Replenishment because its chelated form is both highly bioavailable and gentle on the digestive system. Once levels are restored, the systemic "re-tuning" manifests as a profound shift in well-being, ranging from enhanced sleep quality and stress resilience to improved bone density, hormonal balance, and DNA repair, effectively moving the body from a state of hyper-excitable stress to one of optimized physiological stability.

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Date: September 24, 2022 10:26 AM
Author: Darrell Miller (support@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: The Importance of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle in the Body

Pyruvate is a biochemical compound that’s involved in a number of metabolic processes in the body, including the metabolism of fat, proteins, and carbohydrates, the storage of glycogen, and the production of cellular energy.* Pyruvate is necessary for the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle), which is the process through which our cells produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).* ATP is the body’s primary chemical fuel and powers many vital functions, including energy production, muscle contraction, and cellular fuel Replenishment.* In short, pyruvate is essential for maintaining a healthy body. Let’s take a closer look at some of the specific ways in which pyruvate benefits the body.

The Role of Pyruvate in Metabolism

As we mentioned above, pyruvate plays an important role in metabolism—specifically, the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Pyruvate is involved in three different metabolic pathways: glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose), gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources), and the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle).*

The role of pyruvate in metabolism is twofold. First, pyruvate acts as an intermediary molecule in the conversion of glucose to ATP. Second, pyruvate initiates gluconeogenesis—the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources—by conversion into oxaloacetate.* This process occurs when there is not enough carbohydrate available for fuel or when additional glucose is needed for glycogen storage.*

The Benefits of Pyruvate Supplements

Pyruvate supplements have become popular in recent years as a weight loss aid.* Pyruvate has been shown to boost metabolism and promote thermogenesis—the process by which our bodies convert food into heat and energy.* In one study, participants who took 2.5 grams of pyruvate per day for six weeks lost significantly more weight and body fat than those who didn’t take pyruvate.* In another study, participants taking 3 grams of pyruvic acid per day for 12 weeks reduced their body fat mass by an average of 3.5 kilograms (7.7 pounds) compared to those taking a placebo.*

In Summary:

Pyruvate is a biochemical compound with a variety of functions in the human body. Most importantly, it plays a role in metabolism—specifically, the metabolism of fat, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also initiates gluconeogenesis—the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources—by conversion into oxaloacetate. Additionally, pyruvate has become popular in recent years as a weight loss aid due to its ability to boost metabolism and promote thermogenesis. Supplementing with pyruvic acid can help you lose weight and achieve your desired body composition.

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Date: January 05, 2014 09:06 AM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: What you may need to know about Vitamin B2

What you may need to know about Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin or additive E101, is one of the eight (8) B vitamins that are necessary for maintaining proper human health. This nutrient serves several roles in the body. Most important of all, vitamin B2 helps in breaking down food components, including proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Secondly, it plays a critical role in maintaining the body’s energy supply. Thirdly, it is necessary for maintaining body tissues.

There are two types of vitamins:

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. On its part, vitamin B2 is a water-soluble vitamin. Generally, these types of vitamins get absorbed fast into the bloodstream and any excess eliminated through urine. This means that regular Replenishment is required.

Luckily, there is a long list of foods from which vitamin B2 can be obtained. These foods belong to such categories are animal products, grains, fruits, and plants. Animal products rich in riboflavin include turkey, chicken, liver, beef kidneys, and dairy products. Fruits and vegetables rich in this vitamin B2 include avocado, asparagus, broccoli, and brussels sprouts. Other plant products rich in the nutrient include fortified cereals, spinach, sweet potatoes, peas, nuts, and mushrooms.

Vitamin B2 deficiency

As vitamin B2 is a vital nutrient, its deficiency may lead to several health complications. Some of the symptoms of the nutrient’s deficiency include sore throats, mouth ulcers, abnormally red lips, inflammation of the tongue, cracks at the corners of the mouth (technically known as angular cheilitis), inflammation of the lining of the mouth, and iron-deficiency anemia.

Although the body is equipped to synthesize foods into vitamin B2 nutrient, certain health conditions may prevent it from doing so. In such a case, you are advised to get the nutrient from supplements. Luckily, vitamins in supplement form are absorbed directly into the blood without requiring any form of synthesis. Be informed that it is advisable to go for supplements immediately after realizing any of the riboflavin deficiency symptoms discussed here. Trying to get the nutrients from foods may sometimes take longer than expected. In such a case, your symptoms will continue to worsen instead of getting better.

References:

1. //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219561.php
2. //whfoods.com
3. //www.healthaliciousness.com

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Date: November 28, 2013 04:10 PM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: The Health Benefits Of Barley Grass.

What is Barley

Barley are grains whose grass is used to extract juice that have nutritional supplements, producing abundance of minerals including vitamins to the body. At the point of maturity, grass barley has very essential nutrients such as vitamins, proteins, amino acids and other body mineral supplements. These abundant nutritional elements play a crucial role for optimum health conditions both in children and adults.

Benefits of Barley

The supplements found from grass of mature barley contains significant portion of dietary fiber. This presence of fiber in ant diet plays huge importance in the digestion process and proper absorption of nutrients in the process. In addition fiber prevents any intestinal complication such as colon cancer.

Barley grass acts as a source of protein for our bodies. Proteins play a major role in cell development and their maintenance, leading to the growth of tissues and muscles. This contributes to the overall functioning of all the body organs.

Antioxidant presence in barley grass provides protection and elimination of harmful free radicals in the blood system. These toxic elements can lead to development of infections like cancer, in deficiency of such antioxidants.

Grass from barley has of fair amounts of potassium and calcium. These mineral supplements can be lost from an illness or a heavy exercise, hence the need for Replenishment. Calcium- enriched barley grass helps to add these essential electrolytes for optimum body functioning.

Barley grass contains high organic sodium contents, which dissolves calcium deposits in the joints and replenish organic sodium found in the stomach lining. This aids the digestion process by improving hydrochloric acid production in the stomach. People with arthritis conditions can use barley grass juice due to its high content of organic sodium present.

Finally, users of barley grass find it very useful in aiding weight loss, healing of ulcers, correction of blood sugar problems and mostly as a general tonic.

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Date: September 03, 2005 01:30 PM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: Assists Digestion of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats

Assists Digestion of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats

Digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum (upper small intestine), where proteins, carbohydrates and fats are broken down prior to absorption. As we age, the body’s capacity to produce enzymes may decline. Moreover, stress and other health difficulties can impact enzyme production. Overeating sometimes causes incomplete digestion. Heartburn, bloating, belching, discomfort, and a “sour stomach” often result.

Supplementation with the enzymes in Best For Digestion supports Replenishment of the body’s enzyme level, helping to relieve the burden on an overworked pancreas. Digezyme® contains a neutral protease which, like the body’s intrinsic protein-digesting enzymes, is active in the neutral to alkaline pH range. In addition to amylase for starch digestion and lipase for fats, Digezyme® also supplies lactase, which acts on milk sugar, and cellulase, which breaks down cellulose.

Benefits of Enzyme Supplementation

Enzyme supplementation promotes improved digestion and delivery of vital nutrients to the system. This benefits good health in many ways, including better elimination, improved energy levels and maintenance of healthy body weight. Enzymes also help prevent accumulation of undigested foods in the large intestine, which can be a source of toxicity for the body.

Supports Digestive Function According to Ancient Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Disturbed digestion, whether from overeating or generally poor digestive-organ function, results in sluggish movement of food through the alimentary canal and sub-optimal nutrient absorption. In traditional Chinese medical theory, the functions of transporting food and assimilating nutrients are governed by the stomach and “spleen.” The “Qi,” or vital functional energy of these organs, is complimentary in action. Stomach Qi “descends” as food travels downward through the digestive tract. Overeating and poor digestion interfere with the stomach’s normal descending function, resulting in “food stagnation.” If stomach Qi “rebels upward,” the result is nausea and vomiting. The herbs in Best For Digestion, which include stomach tonics such as Ginger root, assist the descending function of the stomach, and have been traditionally used as remedies for “food stagnation.”

The “spleen” in Chinese medicine encompasses the digestive role of the pancreas. Spleen Qi normally “ascends.” This can also be explained from a Western perspective. When nutrients are absorbed, they enter the circulation through intestinal capillaries, travel upward to the liver via the hepatic portal system, and continue up to the heart, eventually to be circulated throughout the body. Several of the herbs in Best For Digestion are traditional “spleen tonics” that support the ascending of spleen Qi, thus assisting optimum nutrient absorption.

Digestive Enzymes and Traditional Chinese Herbs: A Novel Approach to Better Digestion

Combining digestive enzymes and Chinese herbs that support digestive function is a unique new approach to better digestion. Whether the problem is temporary “food stagnation” or a more long-term need for improved digestive organ function, Best For Digestion provides valuable assistance.

Scientific References
1. Sabinsa Corporation, Piscataway, NJ. “Digezyme” ©1997

2. Chinese Herbal Materia Medica compiled and translated by Dan Bensky and Andrew Gamble©1986, Eastland Press, Inc., Seattle, WA.

3. Barillas, C., Solomons, N. Effective reduction of lactose maldigestion in preschool children by direct addition of ß-galactosidases to milk at mealtime. Pediatrics 1987;79(5):766-72.

4.DiPalma, J., Collins,M. Enzyme replacement for lactose malabsorpiton using a beta-d-galactosidase. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11(3):290-3.

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Vitanet ®

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Date: June 12, 2005 01:55 PM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: Home Spa Secrets

Home Spa Secrets by Carol Perkins Energy Times, July 12, 2003

The luxurious feeling that comes over you in a pampering spa atmosphere can be yours at home without having to venture out to an exclusive resort. Lock the door, put on relaxing music and fill the air with luscious scents. Rejuvenation, regeneration and health-promoting sensations await!

If you decide to indulge in a home spa, cleansing, detoxifying and kicking back in an unstressed atmosphere, you can prepare yourself for your spa activities by sipping what Ann Louise Gittleman, PhD, calls a "Living Beauty Elixir," a blend of eight ounces of unsweetened cranberry juice with two teaspoons of a green superfood mixture "rich in purifying chlorophyll and detoxifying antioxidants and nutrients."

This drink, as Dr. Gittleman points out in The Living Beauty Detox Program (Harper), "helps the liver... open up the detoxification pathways....It's a marvelous cleanser for the lymphatic system...removing wastes from the cells via the connective tissue." The green food mixture that Dr. Gittleman recommends includes nutritious items available from your local natural food store that contain chlorophyll-rich foods such as chlorella and spirulina.

Dim the Lights, Light the Candles

Setting a relaxed, soothing atmosphere is a vital part of the total home spa experience. For the right kind of luxurious ambiance, Aloha Bay's Bright Bouquets candle offers three fragrances in one vase for a selection of tantalizing aromas. Improving the experience, these 100% pure natural wax blends offer about 100 hours of clean burning for an seemingly endless at-home spa getaway (1-800-994-3267, www.alohabay.com). Once you have your candles lit and your bathtub running, you can boost your bathing experience with botanicals from the sea.

According to Linda Page, ND, PhD, author of Healthy Healing (Healthy Healing Publications), "Beauty treatments from the sea are one of nature's most ancient beauty therapies. In Greece, Aphrodite's beautiful skin, hair and sparkling eyes were attributed to plants from the sea. The collagen in sea plants is great for relieving wrinkles and brown spots."

Dr. Page suggests making a seaweed mask by mixing 1/2 tablespoon of ground kelp flakes with a tablespoon of aloe vera gel, leaving this mixture on your face and neck for 10 minutes. "This can help heal scars from facial surgery and is also good for the thyroid. Over 15 million people may have a low thyroid."

Another great mask can be made from derma e's deliciously soothing Papaya and Soy Milk Clarifying Facial Mask. Designed especially for sensitive skin, this soothing mask helps exfoliate dead skin cells and clean pores of pollution and debris while conditioning and nourishing for silky skin (1-800-521-3342, www.dermae.net).

Seaweed Bath

Dr. Page also recommends filling your tub with seaweed, which will turn the water a refreshing green. She says that "packaged seaweed soaks can be put right into the tub, or they can be used in a muslin bag which is placed in the water. That makes for an easier clean-up.

"Fill the tub about two-thirds full with very hot water, put in the seaweed (dried or fresh), which will make the water look like a green sea garden. Keep the water filling the tub slowly to maintain a warm temperature and stay in it for about 20 to 25 minutes. It's great for detoxification, and you can enhance the experience with a few drops of lavender and chamomile."

The gel from the seaweed will coat your skin. When the gel comes off, the bath is over and you have received the full regenerative effects of the plants. When you use this bath as part of your home spa, Dr. Page says that about 45 minutes should be longest you stay in the tub, and if you're using stimulating botanicals like cayenne or ginger, take these after the bath, not before.

After you climb out of the bath, you can give yourself a complete manicure with Baywood's all-in-one hand and nail formula made of dead sea salts, herbs and essential oils. Appropriately named, Baywood's Complete Manicure cream exfoliates and replenishes your skin with nutrients making it feel soft and silky in minutes (1-800-481-7169, www.bywd.com). Then you can apply soothing, nourishing creams to your hands with DreamTime's Hand Cozys that soothe away aches and arthritic pain, and comfort overworked hands. Designed like large oven mitts, these fashionable gloves make a perfect at-home spa treatment when used with your favorite nourishing hand lotion. The warmth of the Hand Cozys help your skin absorb lotion more readily, making your hands soft and supple (1-877-464-6702, www.Dreamtimeinc.com).

Relax to the Max

You should further enhance your spa experience with soothers like Intensive Care Capsules from Annemarie Borlind. These Intensive Care Caps are a weekly Replenishment treatment designed to repair damage from sun and wind, offering significant relief from dry skin. Each capsule contains a high concentration of borage seed oil and natural ceramide to deliver new moisture, vitality and elasticity, while being gentle enough for even the most sensitive skin (1-800-447-7024: request a free beauty newsletter; www.borlind.com).

And you can reward your skin with Zia's Body Butter. This dream cream combines mango and shea butters to actually heal the skin while moisturizing it (1-800-334-7546, www.zianatural.com).

Feet Time

An indulgent highlight of your home spa experience can be treating your feet to relaxing rubs and aromatherapy.

As Frazesca Watson points out in Aromatherapy Blends & Therapies (Thorsons), a drop or two of lavender and chamomile added "to a bowl of warm water and soak(ing) the feet for approximately 10 minutes... (can) help colds, varicose veins, athlete's foot, sore and painful feet, and swollen ankles."

The most important element of your foot soak, like everything in your home spa treatment, is the calming and relaxing effect. Healing and soothing, these treatments can keep you on an even temperament in a hectic world.

So shut the light, close the shades, light the candles and get ready to spa.

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Vitanet ®

Where to find Super CranActin on VitaNet?

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Date: June 09, 2005 09:27 AM
Author: Darrell Miller (dm@vitanetonline.com)
Subject: VITAMIN A and CAROTENOIDS - What are they good for?

Vitamins

In 1912, Casimir Funk coined the term 'vitamine' to refer to a 'vital factor' he proposed was an essential component present in foods. His conjecture dovetailed with other research, leading to the isolation in the 1930's and 40's of the compounds we now call vitamins.

Vitamins are chemical substances which play a variety of roles in the human body. They are core components of any nutritional supplementation program.

While many people are aware of vitamins as necessary substances for good nutrition, few have a grasp of the extraordinary complexity of the roles they play in our bodies. As you'll see below, vitamins are involved in trillions of biochemical interactions every minute to keep us alive and functioning. For example, B-vitamins are converted into coenzymes which are directly necessary for the production of ATP energy from food, a process that goes on continuously in every cell in the body and which in turn fuels myriad physiological events such as muscle contraction, brain activity or tissue repair.

Source Naturals offers a full line of vitamins in bioactive forms, allowing you to tailor a nutritional supplementation plan to your individual needs.

VITAMIN A and CAROTENOIDS

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a generic term for a class of fat-soluble substances called retinoids, which can either be consumed preformed or synthesized by the liver from plant pigments called carotenoids (see 'Carotenoids', below). An essential nutrient, vitamin A is perhaps best known for its role in vision.

The outer segments of the rods, a type of light-sensitive cell in the retina of the eye, contain a pigment called rhodopsin (or 'visual purple') that mediates vision in dim light. Cone cells mediate color vision via three additional pigments. Both rods and cones are surrounded by pigmented epithelial cells that store vitamin A. Rhodopsin is formed from a protein called opsin and a vitamin A-dependent compound called 11-cis retinal. As light strikes the rods and cones it is absorbed by the pigment molecules, and retinal is split off from opsin. This chemical change allows an electrical impulse to be sent to the optic nerve and thus to the brain. The pigment must then be regenerated from opsin and retinal. Repeated small losses of retinal during this process require a constant Replenishment of vitamin A to the eyes.

Vitamin A also plays an extremely important role in epithelial cell differentiation. Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell undergoes a change to a specialized cell type, allowing it to perform particular functions in the body. It is not yet understood precisely how vitamin A is involved in this process. One hypothesis is that it directly affects gene expression through its interaction with chromatin, a complex of DNA, RNA and protein in the cell nucleus. These interactions affect the process of transcription of DNA to messenger RNA, leading to synthesis of a specific group of cellular proteins.

Each one of us carries in our DNA a unique genetic blueprint. This genetic material is the same in every cell of our bodies. It is only because of this mysterious and magical process of differentiation that we have specialized cell types - and therefore eyes, ears, lungs and hearts.

Vitamin A is necessary, either directly or indirectly, for the healthy growth and functioning of many of our tissues and organ systems, including the eyes, the skin, the bones, the reproductive system, and the natural defenses. It is not yet known whether this requirement is due to the role of vitamin A in cell differentiation or whether there are other physiological processes for which vitamin A is essential.

Carotenoids

Vitamin A is related to a class of nutrients called carotenoids, including alpha and beta carotene, lycopene and lutein. Carotenoids are botanical pigments whose colors range from red to orange to yellow. Some carotenoids, particularly beta carotene, can be converted into vitamin A predominantly in the intestinal mucosa and to some extent in the liver. Carotenoids are completely non-toxic; their conversion into vitamin A is well-regulated by the body, making them extremely safe sources of this essential nutrient.

In addition to their role as safe sources of vitamin A, carotenoids are powerful nutrients in their own right. Their primary claim to fame is their powerful antioxidant action, particularly against singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen is an 'excited' ion of oxygen which, while not technically a free radical, is nonetheless highly reactive. It causes 'oxidative' reactions which can impair or destroy membranes, enzymes and DNA. It can also lead to the formation of free radicals which can cause additional damage.

Certain carotenoids such as beta carotene, because of their chemical structure, can neutralize singlet oxygen by absorbing its extra energy and dissipating it throughout the carotenoid molecule, releasing the energy as heat and converting the singlet oxygen back to 'normal' oxygen. One molecule of beta carotene can quench up to 1000 molecules of singlet oxygen.

In addition to their role as singlet oxygen quenchers, carotenes provide antioxidant protection against free radicals as well. In nature, they protect plants from photo-oxidative reactions; in humans, certain carotenoids, notably beta carotene, may help protect the skin from such reactions. Other carotenoids may provide more localized protection to particular organs. Lutein and zeaxanthin, for example, are selectively concentrated in the retina of the eye. Along with vitamins C and E, carotenes are among the most important nutrient antioxidants in the human body.

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VitaNet ®
VitaNEt ® Staff

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